Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Infective Endocarditis at three Tertiary Centers in Brazil from 2003 to 2017

Abstract Background Infective endocarditis (IE) is a disease with high morbimortality and an increasing incidence. With improved diagnosis and treatment, a number of epidemiological changes have been reported over time. Objectives We sought to describe the epidemiological profile, mortality predictors, and analysis of a possible microbiological transition in patients admitted to three tertiary centers in Brazil. Methods In this cross-sectional retrospective study, data from 211 patients with definite or probable IE were analyzed according to the modified Duke criteria between 2003 and 2017. The association between categorical variables was assessed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and binary logistic models were built to investigate mortality. We considered p <0.05 statistically significant. Results The median age of the sample was 48 (33-59) years old, 70.6% were men, and the most prevalent pathogen was Staphylococcus spp. (19%). Mortality was 22.3%, with increasing age being the leading risk factor for death (p = 0.028). Regarding the location of the disease, native valves were the most affected site, with the aortic valve being more affected in men than women (p = 0.017). The mean number of cases of Staphylococcus spp. (τ = 0.293, p = 0.148) and Streptococcus spp. (τ = -0.078, p = 0.727) has remained stable over the years. Conclusion No trend towards reduced or increased mortality was evident between 2003 and 2017. Although Staphylococcus spp. were the most prevalent pathogen, the expected epidemiological transition could not be observed.

Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos como causantes de endocarditis en un recién nacido pretérmino / Neonatal coagulase negative Staphylococcus as a cause of endocarditis / Staphylococcus coagulase negativa como causa de endocardite em recém-nascido prematuro

Los estafilococos coagulasa negativos son microorganismos frecuentemente aislados cuya significancia clínica puede ser difícil de establecer por su carácter de comensales habituales de la piel. En la población neonatal estos patógenos han ido adquiriendo mayor protagonismo debido a la sobrevida de pacientes mas prematuros que en el pasado, así como sus necesidades de tratamiento, que determinan mayores tiempos de estadía hospitalaria. Estos elementos representan factores de riesgo también para el desarrollo de endocarditis en estos pacientes, particularmente debido a la utilización de catéteres intravasculares centrales por tiempo prolongado. En este caso clínico se presenta un paciente pretérmino severo que presentó una endocarditis a estafilococo coagulasa negativo a partir del cual discutiremos las características de las infecciones por estos microorganismos, las características de la endocarditis infecciosa en el recién nacido pretérmino y la utilización de antibióticos en estos pacientes, así como algunos elementos asociados a la vigilancia activa en el uso de antibióticos.

Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) are commonly isolated microorganisms whose clinical importance may be difficult to establish due to their role as part of our usual skin microbiota. These pathogens have gained relevance in neonatal population due to an improvement in neonatal care that determine longer survival rates and hospitals stays. Neonatal endocarditis is also affected by these microorganisms and particularly by the use of central intra vascular lines for long periods of time. In this clinical case we introduce a severe preterm patient who developed a CoNS endocarditis and discuss the characteristics of CoNS infections and endocarditis in preterm newborns as well as some antibiotic vigilance principles.

Os estafilococos coagulase negativos são microrganismos frequentemente isolados, cujo significado clínico pode ser difícil de estabelecer devido ao seu caráter de comensais cutâneos comuns. Na população neonatal, esses patógenos vêm adquirindo maior destaque devido à sobrevida de pacientes mais prematuros do que no passado, bem como suas necessidades de tratamento, as quais determinam tempos de internação mais longos. Esses elementos também representam fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de endocardite nesses pacientes, principalmente pelo uso prolongado de cateter intravascular central. Neste caso clínico apresentaremos um paciente pré-termo grave que apresentou endocardite estafilocócica coagulase-negativa a partir do qual discutiremos as características das infecções por esses microrganismos, as características da endocardite infecciosa no recém-nascido pré-termo e o uso de antibióticos nesses pacientes bem como alguns elementos associados à vigilância ativa no uso de antibióticos.

Endocarditis infecciosa con hemocultivos negativos en prolapso de la válvula mitral. Presentación de caso / Infective endocarditis with negative blood cultures in mitral valve prolapse. Case presentation

Introducción: La Endocarditis infecciosa sigue desafiando a la Medicina moderna a pesar de no ser una entidad frecuente. Objetivo: Se presenta un caso con una lesión valvular previa no diagnosticada antes, y sin síntomas, y que se consideró el diagnóstico tempranamente de endocarditis en el nivel hospitalario. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 20 años, mujer, con antecedentes de salud referidos, fumadora. Ingresa en sala del Servicio de Medicina el 21 de enero de 2020 por fiebres que se mantienen todo el día de 38-38,50 C, con picos que alcanzan los 400 C con escalofríos en determinados momentos. Desde hace un mes presenta esta sintomatología. Ruidos cardiacos rítmicos, taquicárdicos, de buena intensidad. Clic sistólico con arrastre sistólico fuerte de regurgitación IV/VI audible en foco mitral con frémito que se irradia a la axila, anemia, VSG acelerada, leucocitosis con desviación izquierda, hemocultivos negativos y en ecocardiograma prolapso de válvula mitral, valva anterior y posterior, con regurgitación que ocupa toda la aurícula izquierda hasta el techo de la misma. Múltiples vegetaciones en cara auricular de valva posterior de válvula mitral, la mayor de 7 x 3 mm. Conclusiones: El método clínico es fundamental en el proceso diagnóstico en la práctica clínica secundado por los medios diagnósticos como en la enfermedad que nos ocupa(AU)

Introduction: Infective endocarditis continues to be a great challenge for modern medicine although it is not a frequent entity. Objective: We present a case of an undiagnosed previous valve lesion without symptoms. The early diagnosis of endocarditis was made at the hospital level. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old woman, smoker, with previous history of good health was admitted to the medical ward on January 21, 2020. The patient reported continuous fever (38-38,50 C) throughout the day, with spikes up to 400 C and intermittent chills. She has been having these symptoms for a month. Rhythmic heart sounds and high intensity tachycardia and systolic click with strong systolic displacement of regurgitation grade IV/VI audible in mitral area with fremitus radiating to the armpit were heard. Anemia, accelerated ESR, leukocytosis with left deviation, and negative blood cultures were confirmed. The echocardiogram showed a mitral valve prolapse with regurgitation of anterior and posterior valves that occupies all the left atrium until its top. There was multiple vegetation in the atrial side of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve; the greatest is 7 x 3 mm. Conclusions: The clinical method is essential in the diagnostic process performed in clinical practice supported by diagnostic means, as in the current case(AU)

Infective endocarditis in childhood: a single-center experience of 18 years

Abstract Introduction: We aimed to present the risk factors, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment management, and risk factors for morbidity and mortality of infective endocarditis (IE) as well as to relate experiences at our center. Method: We retrospectively analyzed data of 47 episodes in 45 patients diagnosed with definite/possible IE according to the modified Duke criteria between May 2000 and March 2018. Results: The mean age of all patients at the time of diagnosis was 7.6±4.7 years (range: 2.4 months to 16 years). The most common symptoms and findings were fever (89.3%), leukocytosis (80.8%), splenomegaly (70.2%), and a new heart murmur or changing of pre-existing murmur (68%). Streptococcus viridans (19.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (10.6%) were the most commonly isolated agents. IE-related complications developed in 27.6% of the patients and the mortality rate was 14.8%. Conclusion: We found that congenital heart disease remains a significant risk factor for IE. The highest risk groups included operated patients who had conduits in the pulmonary position and unoperated patients with a large ventricular septal defect. Surgical intervention was required in most of the patients. Mortality rate was high, especially in patients infected with S. aureus, although the time between the onset of the first symptom and diagnosis was short. Patients with fever and a high risk of IE should be carefully examined for IE, and evaluation in favor of IE until proven otherwise will be more accurate. In high-risk patients with prolonged fever, IE should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Síndrome de Noonan e insuficiencia aórtica severa en un paciente adulto / Noonan Syndrome and Severe Aortic Regurgitation in an Adult Patient

Introducción: El síndrome de Noonan es una enfermedad congénita con una incidencia de 1:1000-2500 recién nacidos vivos. Se encuentra subdiagnosticada en nuestro medio debido a la variabilidad clínica, lo cual no permite un adecuado control y seguimiento para detectar complicaciones consecuentes a los defectos cardiovasculares congénitos. En Perú no existen reportes de casos sobre el síndrome de Noonan y sus complicaciones. Objetivo: Discutir la importancia del examen clínico para su adecuado diagnóstico a partir de las características del síndrome de Noonan en un adulto. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un varón de 33 años con síndrome de Noonan, endocarditis infecciosa e insuficiencia aórtica severa. Conclusiones: Se resalta la importancia del examen físico y el uso de criterios diagnósticos para realizar el diagnóstico del síndrome de Noonan(AU)

Introduction: Noonan syndrome is a congenital disease with an incidence of 1: 1000-2500 live newborns. Due to its clinical variability, it is underdiagnosed in our setting, which does not allow adequate control and follow-up to detect complications resulting from congenital cardiovascular defects. In Peru, there are no case reports on Noonan syndrome and its complications. Objective: To discuss the importance of clinical examination for adequate diagnosis of Noonan syndrome, based on the characteristics of the disease in an adult. Clinical case: We present the case of a 33-year-old male patient with Noonan syndrome, infective endocarditis, and severe aortic regurgitation. Conclusions: The importance of physical examination and the use of diagnostic criteria to diagnose Noonan syndrome are highlighted(AU)

Relapsing polychondritis, a rare cause of valvulopathy: A review of the medical literature / Policondritis recurrente, una rara causa de valvulopatía: revisión de las publicaciones médicas

Abstract Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an inflammatory disease that involves cartilaginous structures predominantly in the nose, ears, and respiratory tract. Cardiovascular involvement is not common. Despite this, they are the second cause of death in patients with RP. The structures usually affected by this disease are the heart valves, with regurgitation being the most common valvulopathy. We present the case of a patient without the previous diagnosis of RP who was referred to our institute with heart failure secondary to aortic regurgitation, initially attributed to endocarditis.

Resumen La policondritis recurrente (PR) es una enfermedad inflamatoria que afecta a estructuras cartilaginosas, predominantemente las que se encuentran en nariz, pabellones auriculares y vías respiratorias. Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares son poco comunes; sin embargo, son la segunda causa de mortalidad en pacientes con PR. Unas de las estructuras afectadas casi siempre en la PR son las estructuras valvulares y la valvulopatía más común es la insuficiencia aórtica (IA). A continuación se presenta el caso de una paciente sin diagnóstico previo de PR a quien se refirió a este instituto por insuficiencia cardíaca secundaria a IA, atribuida en un principio a endocarditis.

Endocarditis de Libman-Sacks de válvulas nativas derechas en contexto de síndrome antifosfolípido y lupus eritematoso sistémico: ¡cuando el tratamiento marca la diferencia! / Libman-Sacks endocarditis of right native valves in the context of antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: when treatment makes a difference!

We report the case of a 54 years old woman with antiphospholipid syndrome in irregular therapy, admitted due to exertional dyspnea and orthopnea. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed dilated cardiomyopathy with biventricular systolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and masses related to the pulmonary and tricuspid valve without autonomic movement. The crops and white count were normal, with alteration of the SAF test, in addition, SLE was diagnosed. It was started therapy for heart failure, steroids, rituximab and anticoagulation, with improving of the symptoms. The echocardiographic control showed remission of the tricuspid masses and similar dimensions of the pulmonary mass.

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 54años con síndrome antifosfolípido en terapia irregular, quien ingresa por disnea de esfuerzo que progresó a ortopnea. El ecocardiograma transtorácico evidenció cardiopatía dilatada con disfunción sistólica biventricular, hipertensión pulmonar y masas relacionadas con válvula pulmonar y tricúspide sin movimiento autonómico. Los cultivos y cuenta blanca estaban normales, con alteración de las pruebas del SAF, haciéndose, además, diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se inició terapia para insuficiencia cardiaca, esteroides, rituximab y anticoagulantes, mejorando la clínica. El ecocardiograma control mostró remisión de las masas tricuspídeas y similares dimensiones de la masa pulmonar.

Aortic valve endocarditis due to Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil / Endocardite de válvula aórtica por Bartonella clarridgeiae em um cão no Brasil

Abstract We report the first documented case of endocarditis associated with Bartonella clarridgeiae in a dog in Latin America. Infective vegetative valvular aortic endocarditis was diagnosed in a 10-year-old male mixed breed dog. The dog presented grade V/VI systolic and diastolic murmur, hyperthermia, and progressive weight loss. Cardiomegaly and presence of diffuse alveolar pattern in the lung fields were observed in the thorax radiography evaluation. Irregular and hyperechogenic structures adhered to the aortic leaflets, causing obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract and severe aortic insufficiency, were observed in the echocardiography evaluation. A vegetative, whitish, hardened structure measuring 1.0 cm in diameter was observed in aortic semilunar valve at necropsy. Based on a combination of pre-enrichment insect-based medium liquid culture, quantitative real-time and conventional PCR assays based on nuoG and gltA genes, respectively, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic inferences, B. clarridgeiae DNA was detected in the patient's aortic valve lesions. Clinical, echocardiographic, anatomopathologic and molecular features supported the diagnosis of severe aortic vegetative endocarditis possibly caused by B. clarridgeiae in a dog in Brazil.

Resumo Relatamos o primeiro caso documentado de endocardite associada à Bartonella clarridgeiae em um cão na América Latina. Endocardite aórtica valvar vegetativa infecciosa foi diagnosticada em um cão sem raça definida de 10 anos de idade. O cão apresentou sopro sistólico e diastólico de grau V / VI, hipertermia e perda progressiva de peso. Cardiomegalia e presença de padrão alveolar difuso nos campos pulmonares foram observados na avaliação radiográfica do tórax. Estruturas irregulares e hiperecogênicas aderidas aos folhetos aórticos, causando obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo e insuficiência aórtica grave, foram observadas na avaliação ecocardiográfica. À necropsia, foi observada uma estrutura vegetativa, esbranquiçada e endurecida medindo 1,0 cm de diâmetro na válvula semilunar aórtica. Por meio de uma combinação de cultura líquida baseada em meio de pré-enriquecimento de inseto, ensaios de PCR quantitativa em tempo real e convencional baseados nos genes nuoG e gltA, respectivamente, seguidos de sequenciamento e inferências filogenéticas, DNA de B. clarridgeiae foi detectado no tecido valvular lesionado do paciente. O diagnóstico de endocardite vegetativa aórtica grave, possivelmente causado por B. clarridgeiae em um cão no Brasil, foi apoiado por características clínicas, ecocardiográficas, anatomopatológicas e moleculares.

Endocarditis infecciosa nativa en pediatría: enfoque clínico cardiológico / Native valve infective endocarditis in children: From the focus of clinical cardiology

Objetivos: Analizar las características demográficas, clínicas, microbiológicas, evolución y factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad asociados a la endocarditis de válvula nativa (EIN) en pacientes (p) pediátricos. Población y métodos: Se evaluaron 176 p con EIN, divididos en grupo I: <3meses (27p) y grupo II: >3meses (149p). Resultados: Grupo I: el 66% tenía corazón sano. El microorganismo más frecuente fue Staphylococcus aureus (44,4%). Afectación derecha (77,8%-p<0,0001). Evento principal: infección no controlada (INC) (52%, p=0,0009) y asociada a Candida (p<0,00001). Se indicó tratamiento quirúrgico a 10 p (37%). Mortalidad 29,6%(8p). Grupo II: el 57% presentaba cardiopatía previa. Microorganismos prevalentes: S.aureus (49,1%) y estreptococos del grupo viridans (22,5%). Hubo compromiso predominantemente izquierdo (p=0,001). Eventos: embolias sistémicas (36,2%-p=0,01), perforación valvular (51%-p=0,0005), insuficiencia cardíaca (26%-p=0,03) e INC (21,5%). La embolia sistémica se asoció a S.aureus (p=0,01). El 36,2% requirió cirugía. Mortalidad 6,7% (10p). En el análisis univariado la mortalidad se asoció a edad <3meses (p=0,0003), INC (p=0,002) y S.aureus (p=0,03). En el multivariado la mortalidad se relacionó a edad < 3meses (OR:7,50 ­IC95%:1,77­31,69) y a INC (OR:4,2-IC95%:1,16­15,29). Conclusiones: La EN se presentó en pacientes con corazón sano en el 50% de los casos. El microorganismo más frecuente fue S.aureus. En los <3 meses la infección no controlada fue la complicación más frecuente asociada a Candida, con afectación predominante de cavidades derechas. Los >3meses tuvieron mayor prevalencia de perforación valvular izquierda asociada a embolias sistémicas e insuficiencia cardíaca. El 35% de los p requirió cirugía. Los predictores de mortalidad fueron la edad <3meses y la INC.

Objectives: To analyze demographic, clinical, and microbiological, outcome, and morbidity and mortality risk factors associated with native valve endocarditis (NVE) in pediatric patients (p). Population and methods: 176 p with NVE were evaluated and divided into group I: <3 months (27p) and group II: >3 months (149p). Results: Group I: 66% had a healthy heart. The most common microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (44.4%). Right-sided involvement (77.8%-p<0.0001). Main event: Uncontrolled infection (UCI) (52%, p-0.0009) and association with Candida (p<0.00001). Surgical treatment was indicated in 10 p (37%). Mortality was 29.6% (8p). Group II: 57% had previous heart disease. Prevalent microorganisms: S. aureus (49.1%) and viridans group streptococci ( (22.5%). Left-sided involvement predominated (p-0.001). Events: systemic embolism (36.2%-p-0.01), valve perforation (51%-p-0.0005), heart failure (26%-p-0.03), and UCI (21.5%). Systemic embolism was associated with S. aureus infection (p-0.01). 36.2% required surgery. Mortality was 6.7% (10p). In univariate analysis, mortality was associated with age <3 months (p-0.0003), UCI (p-0.002), and S. aureus infection (p-0.03). In multivariate analysis, mortality was related to age <3 months (OR:7.50 ­ 95% CI:1.77­31.69) and UCI (OR:4.2 -95% CI:1.16­15.29). Conclusions: NVE was observed in patients with a healthy heart in 50% of cases. The most common microorganism found was S. aureus. In the <3 months group, uncontrolled infection was the most common complication associated with Candida, predominantly affecting the right side. The >3 months group had a higher prevalence of left-valve perforation associated with systemic embolism and heart failure. 35% of p required surgery. Predictors of mortality were age <3 months and UC (AU)

Microorganismos que colonizan los catéteres venosos centrales de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de medicina intern / Microorganisms that colonize the central venous catheters of patients hospitalized in the internal medicine service of the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño hospital

La utilización de catéter venoso central produce, en ocasiones, infecciones de tipo local o sistémico, como la bacteriemia no complicada o complicada (bacteriemia persistente, tromboflebitis séptica, endocarditis y otras complicaciones metastásicas). En este estudio se dan a conocer las infecciones ocasionadas por el uso de Catéter Venoso Central (CVC), así como los microorganismos presentes en los pacientes. Métodos: La investigación fue de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con un diseño de investigación no experimental y tuvo la finalidad de conocer, en forma directa, la realidad de la problemática. Las unidades de observación fueron (188) historias clínicas de los pacientes que ingresaron en el servicio de medicina interna en el hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño en el periodo comprendido entre enero y abril de 2017. Resultados: En 30 de los pacientes se realizó el cultivo de la punta del catéter venoso central. En el 67% no hubo crecimiento de microorganismos, mientras que el 33% crecieron microorganismos a las 24 horas. El 80% de las muestras cultivadas reportan la presencia de Cocos Gram positivos. Un 10% reportaron enterobacterias y un 10% reportan levaduras, finalmente con menor frecuencia pseudomona con un 0%. Conclusiones: Solo 78 pacientes ameritaron la colocación de un catéter venoso central, de los cuales se cultivaron 30 puntas de catéter, encontrándose que solo 10 de las puntas de catéteres dieron positivas para infección con crecimiento bacteriano a las 24 horas, siendo los cocos Gram positivos la principal bacteria aislada en los pacientes con CVC seguidos de enterobacterias(AU)

Intravascular catheterization is used for hemodynamic monitoring, hemodialysis, metabolic and nutritional support, fluid administration, chemotherapy and prolonged antibiotic therapy, blood and derivatives, among others. In this study, infections caused by the use of (CVC) central venous catheter are reported, as well as the microorganisms present in patients. Methods: The research was of a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional type, with a non-experimental research design and aimed to know, in a direct way, the reality of the problem. The observation units were (188) clinical records of the patients admitted to the internal medicine service at the Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital in the period between January and April 2017. Results In 30 of the patients, the culture of the tip of the central venous catheter. In 67% there was no growth of microorganisms, while 33% grew microorganisms at 24 hours. 80% of the cultivated samples report the presence of Gram-positive cocci. 10% reported enterobacteria and 10% reported yeast, finally with less frequency pseudomonas with 0%. Conclusions: Only 78 patients required placement of a central venous catheter, of which 30 catheter tips were cultured, finding that only 10 of the catheter tips were positive for infection with bacterial growth at 24 hours, with Gram-positive cocci. the main bacteria isolated in patients with CVCfollowed by enterobacteria(AU)

A broad-range PCR technique for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis

Abstract Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe and potentially fatal disease demanding sophisticated diagnostic strategies for detection of the causative microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to develop a broad-range 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction in the routine diagnostic of IE for the early diagnosis of fatal disease. A broad-range PCR technique was selected and evaluated in terms of its efficiency in the diagnosis of endocarditis using 19 heart valves from patients undergoing cardiovascular surgeries at the Habib Bourguiba Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia, on the grounds of suspected IE. The results demonstrated the efficiency of this technique particularly in cases involving a limited number of bacteria since it helped to increase detection sensitivity. The technique proved to be efficient, particularly, in the bacteriological diagnosis of IE in contexts involving negative results from conventional culture methods and other contexts involving bacterial species that were not amenable to identification by phenotypic investigations. Indeed, the sequencing of the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed the presence of Bartonella henselae, Enterobacter sp., and Streptococcus pyogenes in three heart valves with the negative culture. It should be noted that the results obtained from the polymerase chain reaction-sequencing identification applied to the heart valve and the strain isolated from the same tissue were not consistent with the ones found by the conventional microbiological methods in the case of IE caused by Gemella morbillorum. In fact, the results from the molecular identification revealed the presence of Lactobacillus jensenii. Overall, the results have revealed that the proposed method is sensitive, reliable and might open promising opportunities for the early diagnosis of IE.

Endocardite infecciosa em cirurgias valvares: avaliação ecocardiográfica e clínica como preditores de mortalidade em uma série de casos / Infectious endocarditis in valve surgeries - ecocardiographic and clinical evaluation as mortality predictors in a series of cases

OBJETIVO: Analisar uma série de casos cirúrgicos com diagnóstico de endocardite infecciosa, comparando fatores clínicos, ecocardiográficos e cirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de caráter observacional, com análise de prontuários dos pacientes operados com diagnóstico prévio de endocardite infecciosa, no período entre janeiro de 2015 a outubro de 2016 em um hospital terciário. RESULTADOS: Dentre as cirurgias cardíacas valvares realizadas nesse período, 14% possuíam diagnóstico de endocardite infecciosa. Houve prevalência do sexo masculino, sendo a valva aórtica a mais acometida (62,5%). Febre e dispneia foram os sintomas mais comuns (37,5%). Ao ecocardiograma, a maioria dos pacientes apresentava vegetações maiores que 10mm e disfunção valvar importante. Todos os casos utilizaram associação de antibióticos, e a gentamicina esteve presente em metade deles. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar na amostra ocorreu em 37,5%. CONCLUSÃO: Foi encontrada alta incidência de endocardite, com elevada mortalidade não relacionada ao procedimento cirúrgico. Ressalta-se a necessidade de intervenção precoce com a intenção de reduzir complicações como dilatação e disfunção ventricular e embolias.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a series of surgical cases with diagnosis of infective endocarditis, and to compare clinical, echocardiographic and surgical factors. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out, with an analysis of medical records of patients operated with previous diagnosis of infective endocarditis between January 2015 and October 2016 in a tertiary hospital. RESULTS: Among the heart valve surgeries performed in this period, 14% had a diagnosis of infective endocarditis. There was a prevalence of males, with the aortic valve being the most affected (62.5%). Fever and dyspnea were the most common symptoms (37.5%). On echocardiogram, most patients presented vegetations larger than 10mm, and important valve dysfunction. All cases used an antibiotic combination, and gentamicin was present in half of them. In-hospital mortality in the sample occurred in 37.5%. CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of endocarditis was found, with high mortality that was not related to the surgical procedure. The need for early intervention with the intention of reducing complications such as dilation and ventricular dysfunction and embolisms is emphasized.(AU)

Endocarditis infecciosa por granulicatella adiacens: reporte de un caso / Infective endocarditis due to granulicatella adiacens: a case report

ResumenEl diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa subaguda causa un reto para el clínico, puesto que puede simular otra entidad que confunde el diagnóstico. La endocarditis por Granulicatella adiacens es poco frecuente, sin embargo es un microorga nismo difícil de aislar y cultivar ya que requiere un medio especial para crecer. El porcentaje de endocarditis con cultivos negativos es alto y este podría estar enmascarando microorganismos no identificados. Se presenta un caso muy intere sante de endocarditis por el germen mencionado, donde el tiempo de diagnóstico y de identificación del microorganismo pudieron ser cruciales en el manejo y desenlace del paciente.

AbstractSubacute infective endocarditis is a challeging diagnosis for the clinician, since it can simulate other entities that confound the final diagnosis. Endocarditis by Granulicatella adiacens is rare, and it is a difficult organism to isolate, because it needs a special culture medium to grow. The percentage of culture - negative endocarditis is high and this could be masking unidentified microorganisms. In the following case report, we present an interesting case of endocarditis, whose diagnosis and the time for microorganism identification may have been crucial in the management and patient outcome.

Patient in chronic hemodialysis with right atrial mass: thrombus, fungal endocarditis or atrial myxoma? / Paciente em hemodiálise crônica com massa em átrio direito: trombo, endocardite fúngica, ou mixoma atrial?

Abstract We present the case report of a 19-year-old patient with chronic kidney disease due to chronic glomerulonephritis, in hemodialysis (HD) by central catheter, with the incidental finding of a mass of 28x16 mm in right atrium (RA). The diagnosis of thrombus, infective endocarditis or myxoma were considered. Given the context of immunosuppression and difficult access vascular therapeutic practice has proved complex. Although Doppler echocardiography suggested thrombus in RA, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated for the diagnosis of myxoma in RA. In both conditions, the proposed surgical approach was limited by intense immunosuppression history and the risk of infectious complications. Throughout the treatment, the general state of K.M.F. remained satisfactory and revealed no signs or symptoms related to atrial dysfunction. The absence of fever and negative blood cultures excluded infective endocarditis. Prior echocardiogram report without masses in the RA decreased the chance of cardiac myxoma. The therapeutic response to anticoagulation confirmed the diagnosis of thrombosis. After 180 days of anticoagulation, there was significant reduction in mass. The patient developed asymptomatic. The diagnosis of mass in RA can be a challenge and only the evolution of the case was able to guide the appropriate conduit. While MRI has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of cardiac myxoma, the interpretation of images can be subjective. Controversial point is the removal of the catheter in such cases, which is subject discussed throughout the report.

Resumo Apresentamos o relato de caso de uma paciente de 19 anos com doença renal crônica devido à glomerulonefrite crônica e em hemodiálise (HD) por cateter central, com o achado incidental de uma massa de 28x16 mm em átrio direito (AD). Foram considerados os diagnósticos de trombo, endocardite infecciosa ou mixoma. Devido ao contexto de imunossupressão e dificuldade de acesso vascular, a condução terapêutica revelou-se complexa. Apesar de Ecodopplercardiograma sugerir trombo em AD, imagens de ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) apontaram para o diagnóstico de mixoma em AD. Nas duas condições a proposta de abordagem cirúrgica esteve limitada pelo histórico de imunossupressão intensa e o risco de complicações infecciosas. Ao longo do tratamento, o estado geral de K.M.F. manteve-se satisfatório e não foram observados sinais ou sintomas relacionados a disfunção atrial. A ausência de febre e hemoculturas negativas excluíram endocardite infecciosa. O relato de ecocardiograma prévio sem massas em AD tornou menor a possibilidade de mixoma cardíaco. A resposta terapêutica à anticoagulação confirmou o diagnóstico de trombo. Após 180 dias de anticoagulação, houve redução significativa da massa. A paciente evoluiu assintomática. O diagnóstico de massa em AD pode ser um desafio e somente a evolução foi capaz de guiar a conduta apropriada. Apesar da RNM ter elevada sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de mixoma cardíaco, a interpretação de imagens pode ser subjetiva. Ponto controverso é a retirada de cateter nesses casos, que é assunto discutido ao longo do relato.

Fungal endocarditis

ABSTRACT Fungal endocarditis is a rare and fatal condition. The Candida and Aspergillus species are the two most common etiologic fungi found responsible for fungal endocarditis. Fever and changing heart murmur are the most common clinical manifestations. Some patients may have a fever of unknown origin as the onset symptom. The diagnosis of fungal endocarditis is challenging, and diagnosis of prosthetic valve fungal endocarditis is extremely difficult. The optimum antifungal therapy still remains debatable. Treating Candida endocarditis can be difficult because the Candida species can form biofilms on native and prosthetic heart valves. Combined treatment appears superior to monotherapy. Combination of antifungal therapy and surgical debridement might bring about better prognosis.